How to Study the Chemistry of the Element Phosphorus and Its Industrial Uses
the atom phosphorus is located below nitrogen in the periodic table., its outer shell electronic configuration is 3s2-3p3., an example of a compound of phosphorus with five bonds is PCl5., this is manifested in the compound hexa fluorophosphates or...
Step-by-Step Guide
-
Step 1: the atom phosphorus is located below nitrogen in the periodic table.
It has similar electronic configuration to nitrogen except that it can form an extended octet.
Because of this fact, phosphorus can form more bonds than nitrogen.
It can form up to five bonds, while nitrogen can form maximally three bonds only. , Hybridization using one 3d orbital and one three orbital and three-3p orbital give five equivalent hybrid orbital of similar energy that is designated dsp3 hybridization.
It can accommodate five bonds., PCl5 is used in organic chemistry as a chlorinating reagent for alcohols.
PCl5 is electronically saturated while it is coordinately unsaturated.
This means that it can bind another ligand to form a compound with the coordination number six., PCl5 does not form a sixth bond due to the larger space the chlorine atoms occupy around phosphorus so there is a steric problem for the approach of the sixth chlorine atom., ATP is the energy currency of the cell.
It is needed for driving metabolic reactions, which are under normal conditions, are not favorable and which require energy to proceed., Besides its existence in ATP, the phosphate group is incorporated also into DNA and RNA molecules., It has three allotropic forms: white, red and black., It is the thermodynamically least stable.
It burns spontaneously in the presence of oxygen or air., It occurs as a tetrahedral molecule of four atoms of phosphorus P4, which are bound by a single bond., Phosphorus resembles carbon in its chemistry because it has similar electro-negativity., Namely, they inhibit the activity of,, They are used in industry as pesticide in addition to their use in chemical warfare as nerve agents.
An example of an organophosphate that is used as nerve gas is sarin and Tabun., There is a whole branch in organic chemistry that is called organophosphorus chemistry.
Phosphorus is used in NMR technology to identify chemicals that have phosphorus within them., The specific phosphine used in the Witting reaction is triphenylphosphine.
This is a convenient compound to use because it is solid and easy to handle.
An ylide is formed in this reaction and which disintegrates to give the thermodynamically stable double bond.,, In these compounds, the phosphorus atom has a formally negative charge while the metal has a positive formal charge., This compound is toxic and is actually used as a poison for rodents.
It reacts under the stomach acidic environment with acids to liberate the toxic phosphine molecule, which can kill the rodent. -
Step 2: its outer shell electronic configuration is 3s2-3p3.
-
Step 3: an example of a compound of phosphorus with five bonds is PCl5.
-
Step 4: this is manifested in the compound hexa fluorophosphates or PF6-.
-
Step 5: Phosphorus is biologically important as it forms the phosphate group
-
Step 6: which is incorporated in the ATP molecule or adenosine triphosphate.
-
Step 7: Enzymes is catalysts that use ATP to catalyze metabolic reactions inside our body such as Na+
-
Step 8: and ATPase.
-
Step 9: Elemental phosphorus is toxic to human tissue.
-
Step 10: the most reactive allotrope is the white form.
-
Step 11: Phosphorus occurs in the form of a molecule
-
Step 12: which unlike nitrogen which occurs as a diatomic molecule.
-
Step 13: Phosphorus compounds have many applications due to the variety of compounds it can form.
-
Step 14: Organophosphates and organophosphonates are organophosphorus compounds
-
Step 15: which have activity against acetylcholine esterase (the enzyme that is responsible for degrading acetylcholine at the synaptic cleft).
-
Step 16: this enzyme.
-
Step 17: this potential use of these groups of compounds has found use for them in chemistry and industry.
-
Step 18: Organophosphorus compounds have wide use in organic chemistry.
-
Step 19: Phosphines is used in the organic labs in the famous Witting reaction
-
Step 20: which is used to convert a ketone to a double bond.
-
Step 21: as was mentioned previously PCl5 and PCl3 are used a chlorinating reagents
-
Step 22: which convert the alcohol (A bad leaving group) to the better leaving group (the chloride).
-
Step 23: Phosphides is inorganic phosphorus compounds
-
Step 24: which are compounds of metals with phosphorus.
-
Step 25: an example of a phosphide is Ca3P2 or calcium phosphide.
Detailed Guide
It has similar electronic configuration to nitrogen except that it can form an extended octet.
Because of this fact, phosphorus can form more bonds than nitrogen.
It can form up to five bonds, while nitrogen can form maximally three bonds only. , Hybridization using one 3d orbital and one three orbital and three-3p orbital give five equivalent hybrid orbital of similar energy that is designated dsp3 hybridization.
It can accommodate five bonds., PCl5 is used in organic chemistry as a chlorinating reagent for alcohols.
PCl5 is electronically saturated while it is coordinately unsaturated.
This means that it can bind another ligand to form a compound with the coordination number six., PCl5 does not form a sixth bond due to the larger space the chlorine atoms occupy around phosphorus so there is a steric problem for the approach of the sixth chlorine atom., ATP is the energy currency of the cell.
It is needed for driving metabolic reactions, which are under normal conditions, are not favorable and which require energy to proceed., Besides its existence in ATP, the phosphate group is incorporated also into DNA and RNA molecules., It has three allotropic forms: white, red and black., It is the thermodynamically least stable.
It burns spontaneously in the presence of oxygen or air., It occurs as a tetrahedral molecule of four atoms of phosphorus P4, which are bound by a single bond., Phosphorus resembles carbon in its chemistry because it has similar electro-negativity., Namely, they inhibit the activity of,, They are used in industry as pesticide in addition to their use in chemical warfare as nerve agents.
An example of an organophosphate that is used as nerve gas is sarin and Tabun., There is a whole branch in organic chemistry that is called organophosphorus chemistry.
Phosphorus is used in NMR technology to identify chemicals that have phosphorus within them., The specific phosphine used in the Witting reaction is triphenylphosphine.
This is a convenient compound to use because it is solid and easy to handle.
An ylide is formed in this reaction and which disintegrates to give the thermodynamically stable double bond.,, In these compounds, the phosphorus atom has a formally negative charge while the metal has a positive formal charge., This compound is toxic and is actually used as a poison for rodents.
It reacts under the stomach acidic environment with acids to liberate the toxic phosphine molecule, which can kill the rodent.
About the Author
Marie Kim
Specializes in breaking down complex pet care topics into simple steps.
Rate This Guide
How helpful was this guide? Click to rate: